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Suggestions · Missing points · Network Operating Systems
Q2. What is IP addressing (IP address)?
  • Missing: Common mistake
Q4. What is a Network Operating System (NOS)? Write its features.
  • Missing: Common mistake
Q6. What do you mean by input and output redirection in Linux? Explain.
  • Missing: Common mistake
Q8. What is VI editor? Explain its operating modes.
  • Missing: Common mistake
Q11. What do you mean by Cyber Law? Explain.
  • Missing: Common mistake
Quick facts · Network Operating Systems
Linux creator
Linus Torvalds (1991)
Kernel
Brain of Linux
File system
Hierarchical / tree structure
Linux licence
GNU General Public Licence
Default shell
Bash (Bourne Again Shell)
sh developed by
Stephen Bourne, 1977
Korn shell by
David Korn
stdin / stdout / stderr
0 / 1 / 2
Terminal shortcut
Ctrl + Alt + T
Vi editor
Visual Editor — 3 modes
Root directory
Single /
Config files
/etc
Log files
/var
Static routing
Non-adaptive
Dynamic routing
Adaptive
CorelDRAW file
.cdr
PL/SQL error
Exception
Direct-to-customer selling
B2C
One-minute recaps
Q1. What is Linux? What are its features?
  • 1991, Linus Torvalds
  • Kernel = brain of OS
  • GNU GPL = free & open source
  • Multi-user + high stability
  • Runs on old hardware
Q2. What is IP addressing (IP address)?
  • Numerical label for a device
  • Uses Internet Protocol
  • Always unique on the network
  • Needed by TCP/IP to route packets
Q3. What is Network Routing? Explain its Types.
  • Routing = path selection
  • Nodes + links, many possible paths
  • Chooses shortest path, lowers cost
  • Static = manual / non-adaptive
  • Dynamic = protocol-based / adaptive
Q4. What is a Network Operating System (NOS)? Write its features.
  • Connects autonomous computers
  • LAN / inter-network functions
  • Sharing + security + remote access
  • File, print, web, backup services
  • Examples: Linux, Unix, Novell NetWare
Q5. What is shell? Discuss the various types of shells.
  • Shell = interface to Linux
  • Two classes: CLI and GUI
  • Bash = default, extended sh
  • sh = Stephen Bourne, 1977
  • ksh = David Korn, merges all
Q6. What do you mean by input and output redirection in Linux? Explain.
  • Redirection changes input/output source
  • stdin = 0 = keyboard = <
  • stdout = 1 = screen = >
  • stderr = 2 = errors = 2>
  • Can read from / write to files
Q7. Explain some useful Linux shell commands.
  • Terminal: Ctrl+Alt+T
  • User: who, who am i
  • Directory: pwd, ls, mkdir, cd, rmdir
  • File: cat, cp, mv, rm, grep, find, chmod
  • Process: ps, kill, netstat, echo, cal
Q8. What is VI editor? Explain its operating modes.
  • Vi = Visual Editor
  • Command mode = default
  • Insert mode = i key
  • Replacement mode = r key
  • Esc returns to command mode
Q9. List and explain the most important File system of Linux.
  • Everything is a file
  • Single root /
  • Hierarchical / tree structure
  • Full path vs relative path
  • Devices as files: /dev/sda
Q10. List and explain the most important directories in the Linux File system.
  • FHS: single root /
  • boot, bin, dev, sbin
  • etc = configuration
  • lib, media, usr
  • var = logs, tmp = temporary
Q11. What do you mean by Cyber Law? Explain.
  • Legal framework for internet & digital tech
  • E-commerce and digital transactions
  • Intellectual property + privacy
  • Cybercrime: hacking, fraud, malware
  • Internet governance & jurisdiction
Portion 3 · Revision flow · Network Operating System Administration
Win NT
  1. 01Made by MS (1993)
  2. 02Workstation (for users) & Server (for business)
  3. 0332-bit
  4. 04NTFS
  5. 05Costly
  6. 06Prone to viruses
Linux vs Win
  1. 01Linux = Free, Open Source, highly secure, case-sensitive
  2. 02Win = Paid, Proprietary, virus-prone, case-insensitive
Network Maintenance
  1. 01Upgrading
  2. 02Repairing
  3. 03Backing up
  4. 04Securing routers/switches/lines
NSS (Network Security Specialist)
  1. 01Manages passwords
  2. 02Sets up firewalls
  3. 03Installs antiviruses
  4. 04Stops hackers
Disk Partition
  1. 01Slicing a new hard drive
  2. 02Into logical parts
  3. 03Stored in a partition table
  4. 04Before adding files
LVM (Logical Volume Management)
  1. 01Physical Volumes (PV)
  2. 02Volume Groups (VG)
  3. 03Logical Volumes (LV)
Swap Space
  1. 01RAM 100% full
  2. 02Emergency virtual memory
  3. 03Continue execution
Mount Point
  1. 01A folder/directory (like /boot)
  2. 02Filesystem grafted into the OS tree
  3. 03Device becomes usable
Shell Scripting
  1. 01Automating commands in a .sh file
  2. 02Fast to write
  3. 03Slow to execute
  4. 04One error can break it
Firewall
  1. 01The digital wall blocking hackers
  2. 02Hardware
  3. 03Software
  4. 04Cloud
  5. 05Uses Packet Filtering to check data packets
Suggestions · Missing points · Network Operating System Administration

Every question in this chapter has its Remember box, exam tip, common mistake and quick revision points. Nothing missing.

Quick facts · Network Operating System Administration
Windows NT
New Technology — Microsoft, 1993
NT products
NT Workstation + NT Server
Windows NT file system
NTFS
Windows NT architecture
32-bit
NT Workstation processors
RISC
Linux licensing
Free and open-source — no licensing
Linux file names
Case-sensitive
Windows file names
Case-insensitive
Firewall types
Software, Hardware, Cloud, Packet Filtering
First step for a new disk
Disk partitioning (slicing)
LVM
Logical Volume Management — PV → VG → LV
Swap space
Virtual memory when RAM is full
Mount point
Directory where a filesystem is grafted
Shell script extension
.sh
Top-level directory
/
Executable files
/bin
Admin account
root
NOS
Network Operating System
One-minute recaps
Q1. What is Windows NT? Explain its advantages and disadvantages.
  • Windows NT = New Technology, Microsoft, 1993
  • Two products: NT Workstation + NT Server
  • Advantages: multitasking, advanced GUI, remote login
  • Disadvantages: costly, virus prone, frequent rebooting
  • 32-bit, uses NTFS
Q2. What is the difference between Linux and Windows?
  • Linux = free + open source / Windows = commercial + closed source
  • Linux customizable / Windows not customizable
  • Linux no licence / Windows licence required
  • Linux runs months–years without reboot / Windows less reliable
  • Linux high security / Windows most vulnerable to viruses & malware
  • Linux installs apps offline / Windows needs internet
  • Linux case-sensitive / Windows case-insensitive
  • Linux ease of use improved dramatically / Windows user-friendly
Q3. What is a firewall? Explain its types.
  • Firewall = hardware or software network security device
  • Monitors incoming + outgoing traffic
  • Separates secure internal network from open internet
  • Types: Software, Hardware, Cloud, Packet Filtering
  • Appeared as Model Paper 2026 Q19
Q4. What is the role and responsibilities of a Network Security Specialist (NSS)?
  • Controls authorization of access to data (IDs / passwords)
  • Maintains LAN, WAN and server architecture
  • Safety measures + data recovery plans
  • Installs and upgrades security software
  • Firewalls, policies, breach investigation, training
Q5. What do you mean by disk partition?
  • Disk partitioning = disk slicing
  • Creates one or more regions on a hard disk
  • First step for a newly manufactured disk
  • Locations and sizes stored in a partition table
  • Each partition = distinct logical part to the OS
Q6. What is LVM? Explain.
  • LVM = Logical Volume Management
  • PV → VG → LV
  • Mount points and filesystems created on LVs
  • Storage management solution for administrators
Q7. What do you mean by swap space?
  • Used when RAM is fully utilized
  • Inactive pages moved to swap space
  • Held in virtual memory
  • Frees RAM for concurrent programs
Q8. What is a mount point in Linux?
  • Mount point = directory where filesystems are grafted into the tree
  • Makes the device accessible
  • Filesystem unusable until mounted
  • Examples: /boot, /media/cdrom
Q9. What do you mean by shell scripting? Explain its advantages and disadvantages.
  • Shell = program to interact with OS functions
  • Shell script = run a range of commands without typing each time
  • Saved with .sh extension
  • Advantages: same syntax, quick to write, interactive debugging
  • Disadvantages: costly errors, slow, not for complex tasks
Q10. What do you mean by Network Maintenance?
  • Regular + corrective measures for network equipment
  • Routers and switches
  • Troubleshooting, upgrading, monitoring
  • Securing, backups, legal compliance
  • Updating device configurations
Portion 3 · Revision flow · Desktop Publishing (Advanced)
CorelDraw
  1. 01Coral Corporation
  2. 02Vector graphics software
  3. 03CDR file format
  4. 04Logos, business cards, motifs, signs
CorelDraw vs Photoshop
  1. 01Vector vs Raster
  2. 02Coral vs Adobe
  3. 03CDR vs PSD/PSB
  4. 04Designers vs Photographers
Components
  1. 01Menu bar
  2. 02Property bar
  3. 03Toolbox
  4. 04Toolbar
  5. 05Drawing page
  6. 06Color palette
Pixel → PPI
  1. 01Pixel = picture element
  2. 02Smallest unit of display
  3. 03PPI = Pixels Per Inch
  4. 04Pixel density
Bitmap vs Vector
  1. 01Pixels vs Objects
  2. 02Large vs Small size
  3. 03Loses quality vs No loss
  4. 04.bmp vs .svg
Four tools
  1. 01Crop → clip
  2. 02Pick → select & transform
  3. 03Zoom → magnify
  4. 04Text → characters & boxes
Import flow
  1. 01File > Import
  2. 02Choose folder
  3. 03Choose format
  4. 04Click file name
  5. 05Import
Export flow
  1. 01File > Export
  2. 02Choose folder
  3. 03Save as type
  4. 04File name
  5. 05Checkbox
  6. 06Export
Saving
  1. 01File > Save → CDR (editable)
  2. 02File > Publish to PDF
  3. 03Preset: Prepress
  4. 04Save
Text types
  1. 01Artistic Text → short + effects
  2. 02Click & type
  3. 03Paragraph Text → long + formatting
  4. 04Drag frame & type
Suggestions · Missing points · Desktop Publishing (Advanced)

Every question in this chapter has its Remember box, exam tip, common mistake and quick revision points. Nothing missing.

Quick facts · Desktop Publishing (Advanced)
CorelDraw developer
Coral Corporation / Coral Incorporation
CorelDraw type
Vector based graphic designing software
CorelDraw extension
CDR
Initial release
1989
Photoshop developer
Adobe Incorporation
Photoshop formats
PSD or PSB
Photoshop type
Raster / pixel based
Pixel
Picture element — smallest unit of a display
PPI
Pixels Per Inch
Bitmap native format
.bmp
Vector native format
.svg
LOGO
Language of graphics - oriented
Ruler bar
Shows cursor location; sets margins
Status bar
Cursor movements / symbol properties
Property bar
Dynamic bar with property options
Page Navigator
Add and move between pages
Text types
Artistic Text and Paragraph Text
Flyout
Tool with a small triangle in the corner
One-minute recaps
Q1. What is CoralDraw?
  • Vector graphics software
  • Coral Corporation
  • Illustrations, layout, photo editing, typography
  • 3D, rotation, transformation, effects
  • Multiple layers & multiple pages
  • High quality logo designs
Q2. What is the difference between Photoshop and CoralDraw? Explain.
  • Vector (Corel) vs Pixel/Raster (Photoshop)
  • Coral Corporation vs Adobe Incorporation
  • C++ vs Pascal + C++
  • CDR vs PSD/PSB
  • Logos & business cards vs Special effects
  • Graphic designers vs Professional photographers
  • Popularity: Less vs More
Q3. Explain the components of CoralDraw?
  • Menu bar
  • Property bar
  • Toolbox
  • Toolbar
  • Drawing page
  • Color palette
Q4. What is the difference between Pixel and PPI?
  • Pixel = smallest unit of display
  • pix = picture, el = element
  • PPI = Pixels Per Inch
  • PPI = pixel density of image/screen
Q5. What is the difference between Bitmap Image and vector image?
  • Pixels vs Objects
  • Edit pixels vs Edit objects
  • Large vs Small file size
  • Loses quality vs No quality loss
  • Real vs Cartoon-like
  • .bmp vs .svg
  • .bmp/.dib/.jpeg/.gif/.tiff/.png vs .cgm/.svg/.eps/.xml
Q6. Explain Crop tool, Pick tool, Zoom tool and text tool?
  • Crop → clipping
  • Pick → select & transform
  • Zoom → magnifying glass
  • Text → characters, text boxes, tables
Q7. How can you insert and export file in CorelDraw? Explain
  • File > Import
  • All file formats option
  • Enter = centre, Drag = resize, Spacebar = original position
  • File > Export
  • Save as type
  • Export this page only / Selected only / Do not show filter dialog
Q8. How can save drawing or file in CoralDraw?
  • File > Save → CDR
  • File > Publish to PDF
  • PDF preset: Prepress
  • CDR is re-editable
Q9. How can you create a drawing in CorelDraw? Explain.
  • Start → All programs → CorelDRAW Graphics Suite
  • Get started → New document
  • File → New
  • Name textbox
  • File → Open for existing
Q10. How can you enter text in CorelDraw? Explain.
  • Artistic Text
  • Short lines + drop shadows
  • Click & type
  • Paragraph Text
  • Large bodies + formatting
  • Drag frame & type
Q11. Explain the importance of toolbox in CorelDraw?
  • All drawing & editing tools
  • Colors, patterns, fills
  • Small triangle → flyout
  • Flyout arrow
  • Logos, motifs, signs